Do you have questions about Windows? Don’t understand ChromeOS? We'll explain what operating systems are.

An operating system is the fundamental software needed for the operation of the suite of programs on a computer. From video games to web browsing and word processing, all of these processes depend on the operating system, which provides a visual interface. The most common operating systems used on desktop and laptop computers are Microsoft Windows, Apple's macOS, Linux, and Google's ChromeOS. Although there are others, these are the four most prevalent in the current market.

As of 2025, there are many alternatives to the aforementioned operating systems. Examples of these include ArcaOS, Haiku, FreeDOS, and Visopsys, among others. Depending on the hardware configuration and usage, some of these software solutions may be more suitable, and some are even free to use.

Definition of an Operating System

In summary, an operating system is the software responsible for making everything function on the computer. It manages and controls all other programs by interacting with the hardware, which includes the processor, RAM, storage, and graphics card, thus enabling collaboration between hardware and software. An operating system also regulates the functionality of input and output devices, as well as memory allocation, using code that can be interpreted by the hardware. Without an operating system, a computer could not operate.

The first leading commercial operating system in the market was Microsoft's MS-DOS, a text-based disk system that was in use until 1998 with the PC DOS 2000 version. Apple's Macintosh computers popularized a graphical user interface (GUI), designed to be more user-friendly and less intimidating than the text command lines of MS-DOS. Later, Microsoft launched its own GUI operating system, Windows 1.0, in 1985. As of 2025, the latest versions of these systems are in use: macOS 15 Sequoia and Windows 11.

Types of Operating Systems

The most widely used operating system by market share is Microsoft Windows, with approximately 72%. This popularity is due to the fact that Windows is pre-installed on millions of laptops and desktop computers worldwide, from various manufacturers. Furthermore, Windows 11 can be purchased for use on custom-built computers.

On the other hand, Apple's macOS is found exclusively on its Mac computers and holds about 15% of the market, thanks to the success of its products like the MacBook Air M3 and MacBook Pro M4. Apple also manufactures its own silicon based on Arm architecture, giving its devices a distinctive style that extends to the operating system.

Linux, in contrast, is a completely free and open-source operating system, available not only for computers but also for phones, displays, televisions, and vehicles. Based on the Linux kernel, it can be configured for various uses, although it often requires prior knowledge for installation. In recent years, Linux has gained relevance, as it is the operating system powering SteamOS, used in devices like the Steam Deck.

Google's ChromeOS is a cloud-based operating system designed to be lightweight. While it can be installed on PCs, Macs, and Linux devices, its primary usage is in low-performance laptops called Chromebooks, optimized for web use. This software is valued for its ease of use, security, speed, and integration with Android through the Google Play Store. However, it is not as versatile as Windows, Linux, or macOS, although it efficiently fulfills essential tasks such as web browsing and word processing.

There are several classifications of operating systems based on use case, which include batch systems, time-sharing systems, distributed systems, network systems, multiprocessor systems, single-user and multi-user systems, as well as clustered systems.

Functions of Operating Systems

The primary functions of an operating system encompass resource management, device management, process management, file management, and memory management. It is also crucial for securing the computer and managing networks and error detection, providing a comprehensive solution for operating hardware in a visual and convenient manner. Operating systems control hardware components such as the CPU, GPU, RAM, and SSD, as well as input and output devices through installed drivers.

Disadvantages of Operating Systems

A significant disadvantage of operating systems is the compatibility issues that can arise with new hardware and software, which may sometimes prevent devices from functioning correctly. This could include the inability to use all functions of a newly acquired keyboard, mouse, or webcam.

Additionally, operating systems can be vulnerable to viruses and malware attacks that can seriously damage a machine. However, it is possible to mitigate these risks by using reliable VPNs and antivirus software. If the system is compromised, it could result in the loss of all data and files due to a complete wipe.

Some operating systems, like Windows 11, frequent updates can generate problems that affect the user experience. Occasionally, security updates may be interrupted while patches are being distributed. Similar experiences have been reported with macOS versions, where software functionalities are regularly added and removed.

Finally, operating systems require frequent updates, which can disrupt both work and gaming experiences. While some updates can be postponed, they eventually need to be performed to avoid security vulnerabilities that can be exploited in the system. Although most updates are automated, some may interrupt usage or require restarts, which can be frustrating.